Permafrost Temperature Monitoring: Effects of Borehole Casings on Measurement Accuracy and Observation Site Design

This study employs numerical modeling to quantitatively assess the impact of borehole casings on soil-temperature measurements. It also examines the effects of convective heat transfer and the spatial arrangement of temperature sensors within the borehole. Additionally, the study examines the number and spatial distribution of monitoring boreholes in natural landscapes. It also considers the dimensions of observation sites. The results indicate that, in certain cases, the presence of a casing can substantially influence the measured temperatures, and this effect should be taken into account in permafrost monitoring studies.