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This review aims to summarize the evolutionary origins and diversity of the extra-embryonic endoderm and yolk sac across vertebrates.

May 2, 2026

The vertebrate yolk sac: evolutionary origins and current advances in in vitro models.

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This review aims to summarize the evolutionary origins and diversity of the extra-embryonic endoderm and yolk sac across vertebrates.
Analysis of evolutionary history of vertebrate extra-embryonic endoderm and yolk sac.
Synthesis of recent findings from reptiles to understand yolk sac evolution in amniotes.
Discussion of in vitro models to study the function of extra-embryonic tissue.
The yolk sac is vital for nutrient transport in vertebrates, despite some species losing yolk.
Evolutionary variations in the yolk sac and extra-embryonic endoderm were identified across 500 million years.
In vitro models reveal potential insights into human yolk sac functions, which are otherwise difficult to study.

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Review examines yolk sac evolution and function in vertebrates, highlighting in vitro models' implications for human development.

Blagrove et al. (2026) studied this question.

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