per USD, implying that compositional shifts toward higher economic output can produce substantial yet contrasting sustainability outcomes. Concentration was marked, with large farms (<0.5% of farms) capturing 28% of gross production value, mainly fueled by forestry and grains. Together, these results confirm that both the extent of territory exposed to global markets and the sectors occupying that space critically shape aggregated footprints. Which sectors occupy the export-oriented land and who captures value ultimately determine national trajectories, making outcomes contingent and politically contested.
Milani et al. (2026) studied this question.