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Modern cardiology was born at the turn of the nineteenth to twentieth centuries with three great discoveries: the X ray, the sphygmomanometer, and the electrocardiograph. This was followed by cardiac catheterization, which led to coronary angiography and to percutaneous coronary intervention. The coronary care units and early reperfusion reduced the early mortality owing to acute myocardial infarction, and the discovery of coronary risk factors led to the development of Preventive Cardiology. Other major advances include several cardiac imaging techniques, the birth and development of cardiac surgery, and the control of cardiac arrhythmias. The treatment of heart failure, although greatly improved, remains a challenge. Current cardiology practice is evidence-based and global in scope. Research and practice are increasingly conducted in cardiovascular centres and institutes. It is likely that in the future, a greater emphasis will be placed on prevention, which will be enhanced by genetic information.
“Although our predecessors had little to work with, they clearly established cardiology as an important medical specialty; we truly stand on the shoulders of giants. Although cardiology has progressed enormously, cardiovascular disease still remains the most common cause of death worldwide, and there is much that remains to be accomplished. Importantly, the foregoing achievements are not available to large segments of the worldwide population.”
Eugene Braunwald (Mon,) studied this question.