Review on mechanical assembly of vertical van der Waals heterostructures and future scope for autonomous advanced systems

van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs), built by stacking atomically thin layers of two-dimensional materials, offer unprecedented control over electronic and optical properties. This review outlines advances in mechanical assembly methods, from traditional exfoliation-based stacking to modern dry-transfer techniques with precise twist-angle control. We highlight strategies to improve interface cleanliness, mitigate interlayer bubbles, and scale fabrication. Special emphasis is placed on emerging autonomous robotic systems that integrate computer vision and machine learning to enable high-throughput, wafer-scale vdWH assembly. Finally, we discuss key challenges and future directions toward scalable, reliable, and contamination-free manufacturing of vdWH-based technologies.