Diversity of oligosaccharides in lipooligosaccharides of Akkermansia muciniphila and its anti-atherosclerotic activity.

mice. The improvement of these metabolic symptoms was related to the restoration of intestinal barrier integrity. Mechanistically, ALOS upregulated the IL-23/IL-22 immune axis, which in turn promoted intestinal epithelial repair and modulates the microbiota. ALOS intervention reshaped the gut microbiota composition by enriching beneficial genera such as Bifidobacterium longum, Roseburia intestinalis, and Oscillibacter sp., while suppressing potential pathobionts. Our findings highlight the structural diversity and anti-atherosclerotic effect of lipooligosaccharides from A. muciniphila.