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This study examines the interaction between atmospheric aerosols and solar irradiance in a tropical coastal urban environment.

May 6, 2026EnvironmentsOpen Access

Quantifying the Impact of Atmospheric Aerosols on Clear-Sky and All-Sky Solar Irradiance Components in a Tropical Coastal Urban Environment: A Case Study of Penang, Malaysia (2014–2018)

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Analysis reveals scattering effects of aerosols on solar irradiance in Penang, indicating a shift from direct to diffuse energy.

This study examines the interaction between atmospheric aerosols and solar irradiance in a tropical coastal urban environment.
Utilized AERONET observations of aerosol optical depth, single scattering albedo, and extinction Ångström exponent.
Analyzed NASA’s Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource irradiance data and MERRA-2 reanalysis data.
Quantified Bottom-of-atmosphere radiative forcing efficiency for all-sky and clear-sky conditions from 2014 to 2018.
GHI and DNI RFE predominantly negative, indicating reduction of direct solar energy due to aerosols.
DHI RFE remains consistently positive, suggesting a redistribution to diffuse components.
AOD-stratified analysis shows a nonlinear decrease in forcing efficiency with higher aerosol loads.

Yusuf et al. (2026) studied this question.

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