Antidiabetic Potential of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized from Nishamalaki Extract in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Introduction: This study uses the green synthesis method to explore the synthesis and evaluation of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) derived from the extract of Nishamalaki for their antidiabetic potential. Method: The synthesis of IONPs from Nishamalaki (NA-IONPs) was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which identified key peaks associated with metal-oxide bonds, water-molecule vibrations, and polyphenolic compounds in the extract. Additionally, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) were performed to evaluate the morphological structure, crystallinity, and magnetic property of synthesized IONPs. The antidiabetic potential of synthesized NA-IONPs was also evaluated on diabetic rats. Results: Notably, the 547.68 cm-1 peak corresponds to the Fe-O bond, and the 1631.48 cm-1 peak indicates OH-bonding in polyphenolic compounds. Additionally, SEM analysis revealed that the NA-IONPs were spherical with diameters less than 100 nm, and displayed superparamagnetic properties (40 emu/g as measured by VSM). Furthermore, NA-IONPs have shown a significant reduction in blood glucose levels, dropping from 291.5±0.56 to 113±1.44 over 15 days compared with the diabetic control group. Discussion: The in vivo antidiabetic studies demonstrated that the synthesized NA-IONPs significantly lowered blood glucose levels and improved metabolic function in diabetic animal models. Furthermore, histopathological analysis revealed that NA-IONPs can help regenerate β-cell and islet structure, indicating their potential for antidiabetic applications. Conclusion: This research bridges the gap between traditional Ayurvedic medicine and modern nanotechnology, highlighting the potential of NA-IONPs as an innovative approach for diabetes management. These findings contribute valuable insights into the development of advanced therapeutic strategies for diabetes control.