Enhanced bacterial cellulose production from spent coffee grounds: a dual-strategy synergy via mannose metabolism and pellicle inoculation

for enhanced mannose assimilation coupled with optimized biorefinery of agro-industrial waste, taking mannose-rich spent coffee grounds, as the representative raw material. This integrated approach not only valorizes abundant agricultural waste streams significantly boosting BC yields under nutrient-limited conditions but also generates BC with superior mechanical properties. The study establishes an actionable blueprint for advancing BC industrialization through collaborative optimization of biomass feedstocks, targeted microbial engineering, and process innovation, aligning with the goals of the circular bioeconomy and sustainable material production.