Value-added strategies for coffee biomass: advancing biorefinery approaches within the bio-circular-green economy for resource efficiency and environmental sustainability

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The coffee industry produces a considerable quantity of biomass residue, with coffee pulp representing a particularly prevalent by-product. Inadequate management of coffee pulp disposal contributes to significant environmental concerns. However, biorefinery approaches offer a sustainable solution by converting this agro-industrial waste into high-value bio-based products, aligning with the principles of the Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) economy. This review comprehensively examines biorefinery processes applicable to coffee biomass, including extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, and thermochemical conversion. These processes are applied to produce biofuels, organic acids, bioplastics, biofertilizers, and functional compounds. The study highlights the potential of circular economy strategies in optimizing waste valorization, promoting resource efficiency, and minimizing environmental impact through the integration of green technology and renewable resources. Furthermore, this review identifies research gaps and proposes future directions for advancing industrial applications and scientific innovation in coffee pulp utilization. This work serves as a valuable resource for researchers, industry stakeholders, and policymakers aiming to cultivate a circular and sustainable bioeconomy within the coffee industry by providing a perspective on the sustainable transformation of coffee pulp into high-value commodities.