Meta-analysis of the effects of dietary interventions to alleviate heat stress in lactating dairy cows

> 90%) in most response variables warrants a larger data set and further investigations to improve the precision and consistency of the results. Nevertheless, the consistent direction of effects across performance and metabolic indicators suggests that dietary strategies, especially with yeast, phytochemicals, and mineral-vitamin supplements, can be used as effective tools to mitigate heat stress in dairy cows, although the effect was not directly on lowering body temperature in most cases. Overall, despite promising results for certain feed additives or supplements, limited studies on some treatment categories require further investigation or product improvement to uncover their potential benefits.