Can social prescribing intervention reduce unplanned hospital usage in an ethnically diverse and deprived population: a quasi-experimental study using a dynamic staggered difference-in-differences approach

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a social prescribing intervention (the Central Locality Integrated Care Service (CLICS)) on unplanned hospital usage in the city of Bradford. Design A quasi-experimental study applying a dynamic staggered difference-in-differences (DID) analysis on a propensity matched cohort between 2019 and 2023, using data from the Connected Bradford dataset, a pseudonymised linked health dataset on the whole Bradford population. Setting CLICS was delivered within general practices in deprived and ethnically diverse inner-city areas of Bradford, Yorkshire, UK. Participants In total, 1304 CLICS patients were matched to 5216 control patients on key characteristics including ethnicity, deprivation, age, gender and health conditions. Interventions A proactive social prescribing intervention that integrates clinical and non-clinical services, including an individualised approach to tailor support based on the patient’s needs, both within primary care services and by linking them to appropriate community-based assets/services. Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome was the rate of unplanned hospital admissions and the secondary outcome was unplanned accident and emergency (A&E) attendances. Results CLICS patients were 2.1% (95% CI −3.8% to −0.4%, p=0.013) less likely to have an unplanned hospital admission and 2.4% (95% CI −4.6% to −0.2%, p=0.03) less likely to have an unplanned A&E attendance compared with the matched control. The DID analysis demonstrated a gradual increase in the association over time. Subanalyses revealed heterogeneity by ethnicity, the reduction in unplanned hospital admissions was observed only in patients of the Pakistani group, whereas the reduction in A&E attendances was statistically significant only in the white British group. Conclusion The CLICS intervention was associated with a reduction in unplanned hospital usage. Social prescribing may be a valuable component of strategies to reduce health inequalities in unplanned hospital usage.