Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker Therapy and Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Renin–Angiotensin System Inhibitors and Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors: A Real-World Retrospective Cohort Study

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flow chart of study. Major adverse kidney event (MAKE) is defined as ≥40% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline or progression to kidney failure (eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2 or initiation of renal replacement therapy). BMI, body mass index; DCCB, dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker; RASi, renin angiotensin system inhibitor; SGLT2i, sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor.

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  Figure 2. Weighted cumulative incidence curves for major adverse kidney events (MAKEs) according to treatment. Cumulative incidence curves were estimated with the Aalen-Johansen estimator accounting for competing risks between MAKE and all-cause mortality. MAKE defined as ≥40% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline or progression to kidney failure (eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2 or initiation of renal replacement therapy). Cumulative incidence curves were weighted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, eGFR, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio; history of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, pulmonary hypertension, hypothyroidism; use of hydrochlorothiazide, β-blockers, α-blockers, vasodilators, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, metformin, sulfonylurea, insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist. Abbreviation: CCB, calcium channel blocker.

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  Figure 3. Subgroup analyses: weighted hazard ratios (HRs) for the association between dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker use and major adverse kidney events. Weighted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary albumin-creatinine ratio; history of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, pulmonary hypertension, hypothyroidism; use of hydrochlorothiazide, β-blockers, α-blockers, vasodilators, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, metformin, sulfonylurea, insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IHD, ischemic heart disease.