Guidelines for Non-Pharmacotherapy of Cardiac Arrhythmias (JCS 2011)

In 2001 when the first edition of the Guidelines for Non-Pharmacotherapy of Cardiac Arrhythmias was published, 1 a substantial number of patients underwent catheter ablation for the treatment of a wide variety of heart diseases including Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome and supraventricular tachycardia, and the guidelines clearly described the indications of catheter ablation. However, catheter ablation for the treatment of complex arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation (AF), atypi-cal atrial flutter, and ventricular tachycardia associated with structural heart diseases was indicated for only selected patients. Three-dimensional (3D) mapping systems that have been developed since the 1990 s have contributed to the clarification of the mechanisms of these complex arrhythmias and the improvement of the outcome of ablation procedures. After the approval of the CARTO system in 2000 and the EnSite system in 2006, catheter ablation therapy became available for many patients 255 JCS Guidelines for Non-Pharmacological Therapy of Arrhythmias