Probiotic Membrane and Stem Cell Exosome-Camouflaged Nanozyme as a Robotic Pill for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by disrupted redox homeostasis and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Despite recent progress in clinical therapies aided by probiotics, the therapeutic outcomes for IBD remain unsatisfactory, largely due to the complexity of cytokine interactions and the limited targeting specificity of the current approaches. Herein, we propose a biohybrid nanosystem comprising probiotic membrane- and stem cell exosome-camouflaged single-atom nanozyme robots (PNRs) as a magnetically regulated robotic pill for localized treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. These nanorobots, encapsulated within a therapeutic pill, enable targeted migration to specific regions of the intestine in vivo. An external rotating magnetic field retains the robotic pill at the target site for the PNR release. A subsequent pulsed magnetic field then enhances the catalytic scavenging of the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Simultaneously, the probiotic membrane camouflage endows the PNR with the ability to neutralize proinflammatory cytokines and promote the restoration of healthy gut microbiota. In vivo studies demonstrate the significant therapeutic efficacy of the PNR system, achieved through the amelioration of gut microbiota dysbiosis and suppression of overall IBD severity.