Role of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Male Infertility

Objective: Mitochondria supply most cellular energy, and their dysfunction particularly affects high energy demand tissues, including the reproductive system. This study aims to evaluate the role of mitochondrial dynamics in male infertility and spermatogenesis.Result and Discussion: Mitochondria are dynamic organelles undergoing continuous fusion, fission, and mitophagy, which are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and function. Fusion and fission regulate mitochondrial morphology and ensure the distribution and integrity of mitochondrial contents, while mitophagy removes damaged mitochondria. Disruption of these processes leads to mitochondrial heterogeneity and impaired cellular function. Spermatogenesis involves significant metabolic transitions and morphological changes in mitochondria, particularly during germ cell differentiation into mature spermatozoa. Sertoli cells provide structural and metabolic support throughout this process. Although key regulators of mitochondrial dynamics have been identified in mammals, their roles in human spermatogenesis remain insufficiently understood. Studies suggest that mitochondrial dynamics are critical for meiosis and germ cell differentiation. These processes may act as regulatory checkpoints in spermatogenesis and contribute to the pathogenesis of male infertility. Altered expression of mitochondrial dynamics-related markers in infertile men may provide insight into disease mechanisms and support the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.