Ordered Capability Governance: The Ability-Purpose-Due Conceptual Model for Digital Processes

Capabilities in digital processes and AI automation do not automatically form governance order simply because "the system can execute." This paper proposes the Ordered Capability Governance Structure (OCGS), a foundational conceptual model that takes capability invocation as its unit of analysis. OCGS distinguishes three irreducible governance judgments: Ability (action reachability), Purpose (purpose authorization), and Due (conditional propriety). We define three minimal imbalance types—Naked Capability, Purpose Overreach, and Due Deficiency—and propose WeakInv3Q as the minimum condition for a capability invocation to enter a traceable governance chain. Through two boundary cases (a structured BPM procurement approval and an AI-assisted journey generation scenario), we demonstrate how OCGS explains governance failures that BPMN conformance, process mining, and access control cannot directly expose. This paper is positioned as a foundational conceptual model, providing a minimal but necessary theoretical structure for analyzing how capabilities in digital systems transition from "executable" to "accountable."