Key result
Comorbid anemia and HF linked to ~74% higher mortality in older Mexican American males, not females.
Why the study?
Sex differences in the relationship between comorbid anemia and heart failure with long-term all-cause mortality in Mexican American older adults remained to be examined.
Does comorbid anemia and heart failure increase 13-year all-cause mortality in Mexican American older adults aged ≥75 years, and are there sex differences?
Cohort (n=1,615)
Does comorbid anemia and heart failure increase 13-year all-cause mortality in Mexican American older adults aged ≥75 years, and are there sex differences?
Effect estimate: HR 1.74 (95% CI 1.00-3.03)
p-value: p=0.0484
Comorbid anemia and heart failure significantly increase the 13-year risk of all-cause mortality in older Mexican American males, highlighting a sex-specific risk profile.
HF without anemia signals higher mortality in older adults; hypothesis-generating for anemia interactions and requires prospective validation.
Objective To examine sex differences in the relationship between comorbid anemia and heart failure (HF) with 13-year all-cause mortality in Mexican American older adults aged 75 years and older. Methods Participants ( N = 1,615) aged ≥75 years were from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (2004/05–2016). Participants were categorized by anemia status, HF status, and sex. Cox proportional hazards regression models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality. Results HF only was associated with higher mortality in males (HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.12–1.78; p = 0.0039) and females (HR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.24–1.85; p < 0.0001). Anemia only (HR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.06–2.23; p = 0.0248) and comorbid anemia and HF (HR = 1.74; 95% CI = 1.00–3.03; p = 0.0484) were associated with higher mortality only in males. Conclusion Anemia and HF were associated with greater mortality risk among older Mexican American males than females.
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Rizzo et al. (2026) conducted a cohort in Heart failure and anemia (n=1,615). Comorbid anemia and heart failure vs. No anemia and no heart failure was evaluated on 13-year all-cause mortality (HR 1.74, 95% CI 1.00-3.03, p=0.0484). Comorbid anemia and heart failure were associated with higher 13-year all-cause mortality in older Mexican American males (HR 1.74; 95% CI 1.00-3.03; p=0.0484), but not in females.
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