Arterial Aging Best Reflected in Pulse Wave Velocity Measured from Neck to Lower Limbs: A Whole-Body Multichannel Bioimpedance Study

Figures

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  Figure 1. Localization of the bioimpedance channels (1–9) and current sources (Gi1–Gi3).

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  Figure 2. An example of a time delay (Δt) determination between a proximal location (left carotid −dZ1/dt) and a distal location (left thigh −dZ2/dt).

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  Figure 3. Lineplot representations, with 95% confidence intervals, of heart rate (green), systolic (orange) and diastolic (blue) pressures.

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  Figure 4. Boxplots of PWV from the left carotid (channel 1) to: (a) the thighs (channels 2 and 3); (b) the calves (channels 4 and 5); (c) between the thighs and calves, distinguished for left (white boxes) and right (grey boxes) body parts, and for age groups G1 (20–40 years), G2 (40–60 years), and G3 (60–80 years).

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  Figure 5. Boxplots of PWV from the left carotid (channel 1) to: (a) the arms (channels 6 and 7); (b) the forearms (channels 8 and 9); (c) from the arms to the forearms, distinguished for left (white boxes) and right (grey boxes) body part, and for age groups G1 (20–40 years), G2 (40–60 years), and G1 (60–80 years).

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  Figure 6. Plot of the regression analysis for: (a) the left thigh with a correlation coefficient of 0.842, where the black line is represented by the regression equation PWV = 0.111 × AGE + 3.021; (b) the right thigh with a correlation coefficient 0.839, where the black line is represented by the regression equation PWV = 0.108 × AGE + 3.154.