A new hybrid echocardiography and arterial pressure waveform approach for non-invasive reconstruction of the entire left ventricular pressure waveform

Figures

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  Figure 1. Schematic of the study workflow. (Top left) Illustration of the surgical procedure and representative examples of collected pressure waveforms and echocardiographic images. (Right) Summary diagram of the reconstruction algorithm, outlining each step of the framework. (Bottom left) Sample output of the reconstructed left ventricular pressure waveform with annotations corresponding to the individual algorithm steps. Surgery illustration was created in BioRender. Bilgi, C. (2025), https://BioRender.com/b77zpio.

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  Figure 2. Sample comparisons between reconstructed and invasively measured LVP waveforms across different physiological conditions. The reconstructed LVP waveform (blue) is overlaid with the simultaneous catheter-measured LVP (red) and carotid pressure (green) for three conditions: (A) baseline, (B) acute myocardial ischaemia (during coronary occlusion at 15 min when myocardial cells are ischaemic but infarction is not yet well developed), and (C) myocardial infarction (3 h post-reperfusion).

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  Figure 3. (A) Scatter plot comparing predicted and invasively measured LVEDP values in the preclinical dataset. Blue, red, and black markers represent baseline (n = 26), ischaemia (n = 25), and infarction (n = 20) conditions, respectively. (B) Bland–Altman plot illustrating the agreement between predicted and measured LVEDP, with mean bias and limits of agreement indicated on the plot.

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  Figure 4. (A) Scatter plot comparing predicted and invasively measured SEVR in the preclinical dataset. Blue, red, and black markers represent baseline (n = 26), ischaemia (n = 25), and infarction (n = 20) conditions, respectively. (B) Bland–Altman plot illustrating the agreement between predicted and measured SEVR, with mean bias and limits of agreement indicated on the plot.