The physical activity health paradox and risk factors for cardiovascular disease: A cross-sectional compositional data analysis in the Copenhagen City Heart Study

Fig 1. Formation of the final study population of eligible participants in the fifth examination of the Copenhagen City Heart Study. N/n indicates number of participants. The sum across reasons for exclusion of non-eligible study participants exceeds 1367 since some participants fulfilled more than one exclusion criterion.

Fig 2. Adjusted estimated differences in systolic blood pressure (mm Hg, y-axis) given the reallocation of time between sedentary behaviour and A) walking, and B) HIPA among 652 adults. A negative value on the x-axis reflects the pairwise reallocation of time from sedentary behaviour to walking or HIPA, while a positive value reflects the reallocation of time from walking or HIPA to sedentary behaviour. The origin represents the reference composition (i.e., 372.7 and 234.2 min sedentary behaviour, 127.0 and 74.6 min standing, 49.1 and 22.5 min moving, 56.8 and 32.5 min walking, and 10.9 and 2.5 min HIPA, during leisure and work, respectively, and 457.3 min in bed). The difference in outcome was calculated by subtracting the estimated outcome of the reference composition from the estimated outcome for each reallocated composition. SBP is systolic blood pressure. HIPA is high-intensity physical activity (i.e., sum of climbing stairs, running, cycling, and rowing). Vertical lines correspond to the 95% confidence intervals.

Fig 3. Adjusted estimated differences in waist circumference (cm, y-axis) given the reallocation of time between sedentary behaviour and A) walking, and B) HIPA among 652 adults. A negative value on the x-axis reflects the pairwise reallocation of time from sedentary behaviour to walking or HIPA, while a positive value reflects the reallocation of time from walking or HIPA to sedentary behaviour. The origin represents the reference composition (i.e., 372.7 and 234.2 min sedentary behaviour, 127.0 and 74.6 min standing, 49.1 and 22.5 min moving, 56.8 and 32.5 min walking, and 10.9 and 2.5 min HIPA, during leisure and work, respectively, and 457.3 min in bed). The difference in outcome was calculated by subtracting the estimated outcome of the reference composition from the estimated outcome for each reallocated composition. WC is waist circumference. HIPA is high-intensity physical activity (i.e., sum of climbing stairs, running, cycling, and rowing). Vertical lines correspond to the 95% confidence intervals.

Fig 4. Adjusted estimated differences in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L, y-axis) given the reallocation of time between sedentary behaviour and A) walking, and B) HIPA among 652 adults. A negative value on the x-axis reflects the pairwise reallocation of time from sedentary behaviour to walking or HIPA, while a positive value reflects the reallocation of time from walking or HIPA to sedentary behaviour. The origin represents the reference composition (i.e., 372.7 and 234.2 min sedentary behaviour, 127.0 and 74.6 min standing, 49.1 and 22.5 min moving, 56.8 and 32.5 min walking, and 10.9 and 2.5 min HIPA, during leisure and work, respectively, and 457.3 min in bed). The difference in outcome was calculated by subtracting the estimated outcome of the reference composition from the estimated outcome for each reallocated composition. LDL-C is low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. HIPA is high-intensity physical activity (i.e., sum of climbing stairs, running, cycling, and rowing). Vertical lines correspond to the 95% confidence intervals.