Sewage sludge (SS) is a by-product of wastewater treatment processes (WWTPs) and is rich in organic matter and essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, making it a potential fertilizer for agricultural use. However, its application is often limited due to the presence of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, metals, and organic contaminants that can accumulate in soils and crops, raising concerns about food safety. Sewage sludge is additionally challenging to handle due to its high moisture content, low density, and odor emission. To mitigate environmental risks and enhance its usability as a soil fertilizer, SS must be stabilized. Various techniques, including chemical, physical, and biological, can be used to stabilize SS. The addition of lime and composting has received particular attention among these techniques owing to the benefits they offer. Both methods effectively control and eliminate pathogens and reduce metal bioavailability, thus improving their agricultural utility. This review emphasizes the importance of using SS for agricultural purposes, placing particular focus on the procedures of composting and liming to stabilize and enhance the quality of SS, hence promoting its safety.
Lopes et al. (Tue,) studied this question.