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This review aims to identify strategies for optimizing sewage sludge (SS) composting while reducing environmental impacts.

June 4, 2026SustainabilityOpen Access

Sewage Sludge Composting: Strategies for Process Optimization and Environmental Impact Reduction—A Review

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Review synthesizes strategies to optimize sewage sludge composting performance and minimize environmental risks.

This review aims to identify strategies for optimizing sewage sludge (SS) composting while reducing environmental impacts.
Synthesized current knowledge on sewage sludge composting strategies.
Discussed factors affecting composting performance, including aeration, temperature, and moisture content.
Reviewed alternative technologies like co-composting, in-vessel systems, and nanobubble aeration.
Identified critical factors influencing composting performance such as C:N ratio and bulking agents.
Highlighted limitations of current technologies regarding oxygen transfer and greenhouse gas emissions.
Outlined opportunities for further research in aeration optimization and emerging technologies.

Ivickytė et al. (2026) studied this question.

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