NADPH-oxidases as potential pharmacological targets for thrombosis and depression comorbidity

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Common risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease and depression Various environmental factors such as obesity [[5], [6], [7], [8]], physical inactivity [6,9,10], smoking [[11], [12], [13]], diabetes [14,15], stress [16,17,18] and chronic inflammation [5,7], which are also common risk factors for CVDs and depression, can regulate the expression/activity of NOXs.

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  Fig. 2. NOXs: a common player in cardiovascular disease and depression NOX activity is altered in different cellular types involved in both thrombosis and depression and may be a common potential therapeutic target for the comorbidity of these diseases.

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  Fig. 3. Molecular and cellular mechanisms regulated by NOXs in thrombosis and depression Environmental factors can regulate the activity of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and promote the production of superoxide (O2−•) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which promote the formation of peroxynitrite anions (OONO−), the production of chemokines and cytokines, protein modifications, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, which in turn can modulate the activity of platelets, leukocytes, microglia, endothelial cells, neurons and astrocytes, ultimately favoring the occurrence of thrombosis and depression.