Minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production in chronic heart failure

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. A few cardiopulmonary exercise parameters during a ramp exercise protocol. AT: anaerobic threshold; RCP: respiratory compensation point; PETO2: end-tidal oxygen pressure; PETCO2: end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure; V′E: ventilation; V′O2: oxygen uptake; V′CO2: carbon dioxide production. Reproduced from [3] with permission.

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  FIGURE 2. Cardiopulmonary exercise parameters during a ramp exercise protocol: oxygen uptake (V′O2) and carbon dioxide production (V′CO2) a) at sea level and b) at high altitude (Capanna Regina Margherita, Monte Rosa, Italian Alps, 4559 m) and end-tidal oxygen pressure (PETO2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PETCO2) c) at sea level and d) at high altitude. V′E: ventilation; RC: respiratory compensation point; AT: anaerobic threshold. Reproduced from [6] with permission.

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  FIGURE 3. 5-year survival analysis in heart failure patients in whom anaerobic threshold (AT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) were not identified (n=292), in whom only AT was identified (n=920) and in whom both AT and RCP (n=783) were identified. HT: heart transplant; LVAD: left ventricular assist device. Reproduced from [8] with permission.

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  FIGURE 4. Schematic representation of ventilation (V′E) and carbon dioxide changes (V′CO2) during exercise in five different conditions: a) normal subject; b) normal subject with added external dead space; c) COPD; d) heart failure; e) pulmonary arterial hypertension. Dead space (V′D) and alveolar (V′A) ventilation are also reported. Reproduced from [12] with permission.

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  FIGURE 5. Minute ventilation (V′E)/oxygen uptake (V′O2) and V′E/carbon dioxide production (V′CO2) ratio behaviour in a ramp exercise protocol in a) normal subjects; b) in case of pre-test hyperventilation; c) in COPD; d) in heart failure; and e) in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

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  FIGURE 6. Linear regression between minute ventilation (V′E)/carbon dioxide production (V′CO2) slope and age in a) normal subjects (n=1136); b) males (n=773); and c) females (n=363). Reproduced from [29] with permission.