Is inotropic therapy appropriate for patients with chronic congestive heart failure? Or is the digitalis leaf withering?

The appropriateness of inotropic therapy in chronic heart failure was examined by critically reviewing five assumptions upon which this form of therapy has been justified. Only the first, that cardiac performance can be acutely improved by inotropic therapy, has been empirically proven. That such acute improvement is sustained appears to be true with non-catecholamine agents whereas the chronic haemodynamic efficacy of oral catecholamines remains in doubt. That any inotropic agent can improve exercise tolerance, make the patient feel better, or effect a change without deleteriously affecting the myocyte is very much in doubt. Thus, although the prospect of using powerful inotropic therapy in the patient with heart failure is theoretically appealing, its utility remains to be proven.