A Critical Review of Advancements and Challenges in Thermal Management Systems For Lithium-Ion Batteries

Battery thermal management systems (BTMS) ensure the safety and performance of lithium-ion batteries, which power electric vehicles. However, designing an effective BTMS is challenging due to batteries' complex thermal behaviour and sensitivity to temperature variations. This review comprehensively explores the current vital technologies and trends in BTMS, explicitly focusing on analysing various cooling technologies and control strategies. To discuss four primary cooling technologies: air cooling, liquid cooling, immersion cooling, and phase change material (PCM) cooling. The advantages and disadvantages of each cooling technology are compared in terms of cost-effectiveness, applicability, and limitations when dealing with high-energy-density batteries. Furthermore, the review delves into the discussion of control strategies and data prediction methods for BTMS, emphasizing the importance of advanced data analysis and control strategies in optimising battery performance and safety. Different control strategies, such as passive, active, and hybrid control, are introduced and evaluated. Data prediction methods, such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, and machine learning, are also presented and discussed. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth understanding of current battery thermal management technologies while serving as a valuable reference for future research and application.