Outcomes of Symptomatic Extracranial Carotid Artery Stenting in Octogenarians: A Single-Center Retrospective Study on Restenosis, Risk Factors, and Complications

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. Flowchart illustrating the study design and methodology. The process begins with a single-center retrospective study on octogenarians (≥80 years) undergoing carotid artery stenting. Procedural details include the use of open-cell vs. closed-cell stents and femoral vs. radial access. Follow-up involves clinical and imaging assessments (ultrasound, MRI). Outcome assessment includes restenosis rates, risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, smoking), and complications such as stroke and hematoma.

• 

  Figure 2. A horizontal bar chart comparing baseline characteristics in patients with and without in-stent restenosis. Statistically significant variables (p < 0.05) are highlighted in red, emphasizing their strong association with restenosis. Blue bars represent variables that are not statistically significant (p ≥ 0.05).

• 

  Figure 3. This figure illustrates the multivariate analysis of risk factors for ISR, displaying the odds ratio (OR) values along with their 95% confidence intervals (CI). The red line represents OR values for each risk factor, while the shaded area indicates the corresponding 95% CI. The black dashed line at OR = 1 serves as a reference point, representing no increased risk. Smoking is identified as a significant risk factor for ISR (OR: 18.05; CI: 2.63–36.64), with an 18-fold higher risk in smokers. The wide confidence interval reflects variability, but the p-value (0.006) confirms statistical significance. In contrast, age is a weaker risk factor (OR: 1.18; CI: 0.90–1.56), showing a mild increase in ISR risk with aging. However, its confidence interval includes 1, indicating lower statistical significance. This figure highlights the strong association between smoking and ISR compared to the relatively minor influence of age.