Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with acute coronary syndrome

BACKGROUND: Modern lifestyle changes, including high caloric intake and sedentary behaviour, have led to a rising prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS, characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Key risk factors include elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, high fasting glucose, and hypertension. With its increasing prevalence, especially among young adults, understanding MetS is important for improving prevention and management of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of MetS in Coronary artery Disease acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients and to assess the occurrence of in hospital events in patients of CAD with MetS during the 1 st week. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective observational study included 100 patients aged 30 years and above, with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) which includes ST segment elevation MI, Non-ST segment elevation MI and unstable Angina, visiting the Department of Cardiology. Detailed history and symptoms were recorded and parameters like waist circumference, Blood pressure laboratory investigations included fasting blood sugar and lipid Profile was recorded. In hospital cardiac events like heart failure, arrythmia and recurrent myocardial ischemia were followed up. RESULTS: Patients aged 41–50 years (34%) and 51–60 years (27%) constituted the majority of CAD cases. Chest pain with sweating, followed by breathlessness, were the most common symptoms irrespective of MetS status, and no significant difference was observed in smoking, alcohol use, or family history of CAD between groups. All metabolic components except total cholesterol were significantly more common in the MetS group, with low HDL-C and high triglycerides being the predominant abnormalities. Patients with MetS had significantly higher rates of diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure (52% vs 18%, P <0.001), while arrhythmias and recurrent MI were slightly more frequent but not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Underlying causes of Metabolic Syndrome, including obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, resulting in increased incidence of Heart Failure and cardiovascular mortality.