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This review discusses the necessity for quality and ethical standards in animal research, indicating implications for science and society.
Animal research has contributed to modern medicine and continues to play an important role in biomedical science. At the same time, its scale and quality deserve closer scrutiny. If it is to retain scientific and societal legitimacy, we must be clear about when we use it, how we conduct it, and why we rely on it at all.
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Benjamin Victor Ineichen (2026) studied this question.
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