Medicinal Plants in the Management of Urolithiasis: Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Evidence

Objective: To systematically review the role of medicinal plants in the management of urolithiasis, with a focus on their phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and underlying mechanisms of action. Data Sources: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect for relevant studies published on medicinal plants and urolithiasis. Study Selection: Relevant preclinical, clinical, and review studies published in English were selected based on their relevance to antiurolithiatic activity, phytochemistry, and mechanisms of action. Studies lacking scientific validation or insufficient data were excluded. Summary of Content: Urolithiasis is a recurrent disorder characterized by the formation of urinary calculi due to supersaturation of lithogenic substances. Medicinal plants such as Phyllanthus niruri, Tribulus terrestris, and Bergenia ligulata have demonstrated significant anti-urolithiatic activity. These plants contain bioactive phytoconstituents including flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds, which contribute to their therapeutic effects. The mechanisms involved include inhibition of crystal nucleation, growth and aggregation, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, diuretic effects, and modulation of urinary biochemical parameters. Experimental and limited clinical studies have reported promising outcomes in reducing stone formation and promoting stone expulsion. Conclusion: Medicinal plants offer a promising complementary approach for the management of urolithiasis. However, further well-designed clinical trials and standardization of herbal formulations are required to establish their safety, efficacy, and clinical applicability.