A critical evaluation of digitalisation and green measures for advancing twin transition metrics

The global economy has undergone two significant shifts in recent decades: digitalisation and the green transition. While each has been studied extensively, their intersection remains underexplored. This study reviews metrics for assessing digital and green transformations, both separately and jointly, and identifies key challenges in evaluating their complementarities and trade-offs. By mapping current approaches and offering a comprehensive framework, the paper highlights gaps. The paper proposes a theory-driven metrics framework to support integrated strategies for sustainable innovation and structural transformation toward a green and digital economy.