Analyzes microstructure and phase composition in steel layers, suggesting advancements in material properties.
Scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques are used to analyze the structure, phases, and defective substructure of the “high-speed deposited R2M9 steel layer–30KhGSA steel (AISI 4140) substrate” system in the initial state, after high-temperature tempering, and electron-beam treatment.
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Gromov et al. (2026) studied this question.
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