Application of Pro-angiogenic Biomaterials in Myocardial Infarction

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  Figure 1. Roles of different biomaterials in the treatment of myocardial infarction. Stem cells, growth factors, exosomes, polyethylene glycol, metal nanoparticles, hydrogen sulfide, chitosan, and collagen are among the biomaterials available for the therapy of myocardial infarction. In the context of a myocardial infarction, these biomaterials serve several purposes. They promote the repair and regeneration of cardiac tissue by providing structural support via their scaffolding characteristics. Furthermore, they have anti-inflammatory properties, lowering inflammatory reactions and suppressing inflammatory cell infiltration as well as inflammatory factor release. Furthermore, biomaterials can regulate metabolism, changing the metabolic processes of cardiac cells to improve energy supply and boost cellular function recovery. They can also improve the electrical conductivity of cardiac tissue by modulating the local microenvironment. Importantly, biomaterials promote angiogenesis by increasing vascular density and improving cardiac perfusion, so supplying the blood supply required for myocardial regeneration. The images in Figure 1 are original and created by the authors, free from…

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  Figure 2. Angiogenesis stimulatory agents include stem cell types, extracellular vesicles, growth factors, noncoding RNA, peptides, and other bioactive compounds. These factors are critical in the regulation of angiogenesis. Stem cells have the ability to develop into endothelial cells and hence contribute directly to blood vessel creation. Extracellular vesicles influence signaling pathways involved in angiogenesis via their payload of functional molecules such as miRNA and proteins. Growth factors promote the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, resulting in the formation of blood vessels. Noncoding RNA regulates gene expression and plays a role in the regulation of angiogenesis. Peptide molecules interact with cell surface receptors, triggering angiogenesis-related signaling cascades. Furthermore, other bioactive compounds, such as extracellular matrix components and biomaterials, have the ability to stimulate angiogenesis. The images are original and created by the authors, free from third-party copyright restrictions.

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  Figure 3. Mechanisms and materials to promote angiogenesis in MI regeneration and repair. Several materials used for repair and regeneration after MI are mentioned in the figure, with emphasis on their mechanisms in promoting angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), transforming growth factor (TGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are just a few of the growth factors that are essential to the angiogenesis process. Through a number of signaling pathways, including MAPK, JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, and others, these growth factors promote the proliferation, migration, and development of blood vessels in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Additionally, growth factors reduce the impact of inflammatory elements, encouraging macrophage and T lymphocyte engagement in the development of new blood vessels. Furthermore, they influence pericytes, endothelial progenitor cells, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to increase angiogenesis. The images are original and created by the authors, free from third-party copyright restrictions.