Resting heart rate and risk of left and right heart failure in 0.5 million Chinese adults

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flow sheet for selection of the study participants. *Categories are not mutually exclusive and, hence, do not add up to 20 941.

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  Figure 2. Associations of fifths of RHR with heart failure and pulmonary heart disease. Models were adjusted for measured confounders (season, sex, socioeconomic status (education, household income and marital status), lifestyle (physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption), body mass index, hypertension and diabetes mellitus) and stratified by age and region. The HR of HF or PHD for each fifth of usual RHR were compared with those in the lowest fifth. The black squares and the vertical bars are adjusted HR and 95% CI. The numbers above and below the vertical bars represent the adjusted HR and number of events in each quintile, respectively. The black squares were weighted by the number of events in each fifth. HF, heart failure; PHD, pulmonary heart disease; RHR, resting heart rate.

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  Figure 3. HRs (95% CI) of heart failure and pulmonary heart disease associated with 10 bpm higher RHR before and after adjusting for confounding factors. The squares represent the adjusted HR of HF or PHD per 10 beats per unit (bpm) higher usual RHR. Symbols and conventions as in figure 2. In the left panel, the analyses were restricted at a usual RHR ≥75 bpm, where the shape of the association of usual RHR with HF was approximately linear. CVD, cardiovascular disease; HF, heart failure; RHR, resting heart rate.

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  Figure 4. HRs (95% CI) of heart failure and pulmonary heart disease associated with 10 bpm higher resting heart in different population subgroups. Models were adjusted for measured confounders. The unshaded diamond and dashed vertical line represent the overall adjusted HR for the main model, while the solid vertical line represents the line of no effect.