Key result
Current cigarette smoking (HR 2.9 in women, 2.4 in men) and hypertension significantly increased the 20-year risk of developing chronic kidney disease.
Why the study?
Do hypertension and smoking increase the future risk of chronic kidney disease in men and women?
Observational (n=23,534)
No
Do hypertension and smoking increase the future risk of chronic kidney disease in men and women?
Effect estimate: HR 2.9 (95% CI 1.7-5.0)
Hypertension and cigarette smoking are strong, independent risk factors for the development of chronic kidney disease in both men and women.
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Supports smoking cessation and BP control priorities; extends sex-specific observational data but leaves causal effects open.
Haroun et al. (2003) conducted an observational in Chronic kidney disease (n=23,534). Hypertension and cigarette smoking vs. Optimal blood pressure and non-smoking was evaluated on Development of chronic kidney disease (HR 2.9, 95% CI 1.7-5.0). Current cigarette smoking (HR 2.9 in women, 2.4 in men) and hypertension significantly increased the 20-year risk of developing chronic kidney disease.
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