Exposure measurement error in air pollution health effect studies: a pooled analysis of personal exposure validation studies in 17 communities across the United States

were 0.46 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.78) and 0.97 (0.35, 1.59), respectively. Significant coefficients were also found for S (0.48; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.68), Cd (0.47; 0.17, 0.76), and Ni (0.17; 0.02, 0.32). Point estimates for calibration coefficients were all below one, indicating that using the nearest monitors as exposure surrogates would attenuate associations with health risks. The measurement error in component-wise analysis highlights the need for incorporating these calibration coefficients into future studies to adjust for such errors adequately.