Visual warfare and strategic communication: Case studies from Ukraine, Israel, and India

In the digital age, warfare has been fundamentally reshaped by the ubiquitous presence of cameras, from military drones to civilian smartphones. This paper explores the emergence of “visual warfare,” where visual media are not just a by-product but a core element of military strategy and public persuasion. The study is grounded in the “Strike, Show, and Tell” doctrine seen in recent conflicts. The study examines how state and military actors utilise visual documentation to achieve operational goals, shape psychological narratives, influence diplomacy, and secure domestic legitimacy. Through a comparative analysis of three key case studies—the Ukraine–Russia war, the Israel–Palestine conflict, and Operation Sindoor between India and Pakistan—this research highlights the strategic deployment of drone footage, real-time battlefield visuals, and curated imagery to frame moral narratives, justify military actions, and mobilise support. Drawing on media framing theory and strategic communication models, this study investigates how visual media functions simultaneously as a tactical tool and a narrative weapon. The findings reveal that cameras are no longer passive observers but active participants in conflict, demanding a critical rethinking of ethical norms in war journalism, the accountability of digital platforms, and the shaping of global perceptions.