Voter Access under Mandatory Voter ID : The Promise and Limits of the Voter Authority Certificate

The Elections Act 2022 introduced mandatory photographic voter identification in UK general elections and English devolved elections, marking a decisive shift toward a universal requirement for in‐person voting. To mitigate access barriers in the absence of a national identity system, it also provided for the introduction of a new Voter Authority Certificate (VAC), a free, election‐specific form of photo ID. This article assesses whether the VAC has translated legal universality into practical access. Drawing on academic research, administrative data and public‐opinion surveys, it examines awareness, application rates and use of the VAC, and its relationship to electoral exclusion. The evidence indicates that the VAC's reach has remained limited relative to the population lacking qualifying ID, raising questions about awareness, disengagement and the participation costs of the voter ID policy. The article concludes by considering policy options to ensure effective practical access to free voter ID.