Clonal haematopoiesis and cardiovascular disease, defining risk, filling gaps, and framing the future

Clonal haematopoiesis (CH) refers to the clonal expansion of haematopoietic stem cells in the absence of overt haematological malignancy and is common in older individuals. Recent evidence has heralded CH as a novel determinant of cardiovascular disease. This review explores the associations of CH with ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and cardio-oncology, highlighting biases in the literature, exploring effects of mutation and clone size, concluding with clinical implications.