Research on Carbon Emission Accounting and Reduction Measures for Bridges in Africa Throughout Its Life Cycle: A Case Study of the Jangwani Bridge in Tanzania

To quantify the carbon footprint of cross-border bridges built by Chinese companies in Africa, based on the Janwani Bridge in Tanzania and the life cycle theory, it is divided into five stages: production, transportation, on-site construction, operational maintenance, and demolition and disposal. Using the emission factor method to construct carbon emission models for each stage, while considering cross-border supply chains and the addition of vegetation carbon sinks, we quantify the emissions for each stage. The research is based on the project design stage bill of quantities and construction organization data for prediction and estimation. The energy consumption parameters of construction machinery refer to the Chinese quota standards, and the energy consumption of lighting during the operation period is estimated according to the design parameters. The results show that the total carbon emissions of the life cycle of the bridge is about 41,668,548.20 kgCO2e, with the production stage being the dominant position (87.48%), and cement and reinforcing steel contributing more than 95% of the emissions during this stage. The operational maintenance stage comes second (7.28%), mainly driven by lighting electricity (accounting for 73.65% of the total emissions in this stage), attributed to the local power grid dominated by fossil fuels. Sensitivity analysis shows that the key factors are ranked as cement > reinforcing steel > electricity > diesel. Considering the reality of insufficient supply of low-carbon materials and weak infrastructure in Africa, emission reduction measures are proposed from three aspects: optimizing concrete mix proportion, controlling construction machinery, and implementing intelligent lighting. The research contribution lies in incorporating the entire cross-border transportation chain and newly added vegetation carbon sinks into the LCA boundary of bridges, while considering the dual attributes of “technology output + localized operation”, and constructing a carbon emission accounting model adapted to the built-up areas of African cities. On this basis, the carbon emission characteristics of the life cycle were quantitatively analyzed, feasible emission reduction measures in the region were proposed, and the carbon reduction potential was calculated, providing scientific basis for low-carbon control of Chinese enterprises’ overseas bridges.