Prospects and challenges of vegetable production in Cholistan desert – A review

Vegetable production in arid environments faces formidable challenges due to extreme heat stress and water scarcity. This review examines the impact of harsh climatic conditions in Cholistan, a hyper-arid region in southern Punjab, Pakistan, on vegetable growth and productivity. It highlights the critical role of vegetables in human nutrition. It outlines the physiological disruptions caused by drought and high temperatures, such as impaired photosynthesis, reduced nutrient uptake, and cellular damage in sensitive crops. The paper reviews traditional practices (like Khadin systems) alongside modern agronomic innovations, including advanced irrigation techniques, biofertilizer applications, and genetic improvements (e.g., CRISPR-based interventions) designed to bolster crop resilience. In addressing both the biophysical and socio-economic limitations, the review underscores the need for integrated strategies that combine indigenous knowledge with contemporary technology. Overall, it advocates for supportive policy frameworks and capacity-building measures to ensure sustainable vegetable production under escalating climate challenges.