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Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) offers a promising non-invasive alternative for controlled drug management, but its efficiency is limited by skin barrier properties. Iontophoresis is an external augmentation technique that increases drug penetration across the skin layers by delivering a moderate electric current to increase transport efficiency. This work designed a novel device-assisted TDD recommendation framework integrated with Equivalent-Spine-Leaf Hybrid Ladder (E-SLHL) circuit to evaluate the impedance features of stratified skin layers in drug delivery process. The electrical parameters are measured to assess skin sensitivity and drug transport efficiency. The Hybrid Particle Swarm Ebola Search (PSES) Optimisation Algorithm is utilized for optimising circuit parameters to reduce error rates and improve computational efficacy. The Poisson–Boltzmann–Fermi–Nernst–Planck and Brinkman flow (PBFNPB) model is integrated to calculate electrotransport flux and drug penetration between the skin layers. The MATLAB simulators are used to calculate drug penetration across stratified skin areas of 15 different body sites. According to the results, the proposed E-SLHL circuit outperforms Montague, CPE, and Tregear circuits by more accurately identifying drug retention, impedance, and flux distribution. The proposed framework emphasised the significance of current density and frequency in maximising penetration and dramatically low error rate across body regions. These results demonstrate that E-SLHL circuit combined with PSES optimization and PBFNPB model dynamics offers an effective method to enhancing the effectiveness and clinical suitability of TDD systems.
Thrishul et al. (Sun,) studied this question.