Feasibility of Computational Fluid Dynamics for Evaluating the Intraventricular Hemodynamics in Single Right Ventricle Based on Echocardiographic Images

Figures

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  Figure 1. The process of CFD 3D model reconstruction and simulation. The CFD modeling is based on real-time 3D echocardiography. A smith dynamic geometry was used to reconstruct the 3D ventricular geometry. The reconstructed model was smoothed by the “Smooth Mask” tool. The reconstructed ventricular geometry along with the boundary conditions were imported into the software (ANSYS®-FLUENT) for simulation. Finally, the visualization of the streamlines was completed by the ANSYS CFD-Post 14.5 software.

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  Figure 2. Boundary conditions of the CFD-simulation models from echocardiographic flow curve. The inflow/outflow boundary conditions used for simulation were obtained from the mitral/aortic valve velocities by echocardiography at the end of five characteristic periods. (RF: rapid filling; SF: slow filling; AS: atrial systole; RE: rapid ejection; SE: slow ejection. Arrows are at the end of five periods).

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  Figure 3. Bland-Altman analysis of diameter and velocity between CFD and echocardiography measurements. ((a) Bland-Altman analysis of diameter measurements; (b) Bland-Altman analysis of velocity measurements).

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  Figure 4. Streamline in the normal LV and RV during diastole ((a–c) streamlines in the LV during the rapid filling, slow filling, and atrial systole period; (d–f) streamlines in the RV during the rapid filling, slow filling, and atrial systole period).

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  Figure 5. Vortex rings in the normal LV and RV during diastole ((a) vertical view of the LV; (b) vertical view of the RV).

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  Figure 6. Streamline in the SRV without heart failure during diastole ((a) period of rapid filling; (b) period of slow filling; (c) period of atrial systole). DVC: dominant ventricular chamber; RC: rudimentary chamber.

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  Figure 7. Streamline in the SRV with heart failure during diastole. ((a) period of rapid filling; (b) period of slow filling; (c) period of atrial systole). DVC: dominant ventricular chamber; RC: rudimentary chamber.

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  Figure 8. Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) of LV, RV, and SRV during period of atrial systole. In normal LV and RV, the TKE values were close to zero; it is concentric and evenly distributed in the ventricle; however, in the SRV, the TKE showed a larger gradient dispersion throughout the ventricle.