Shared and differential cortical functional abnormalities associated with inhibitory control in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Figures

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  Figure 1. P-value significance map of cognitive activation among patients with SZ or BD-I and HCs (false discovery rate [FDR]-corrected P < 0.05, corrected with 52 channels). Blue-coloured circles represent significantly increased mean oxy-Hb changes from pre-task baseline to the inhibitory control task period in schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder and healthy controls. Channels that showed no significant correlations are highlighted in grey.

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  Figure 2. P-value significance map of post hoc analysis of task-related oxy-Hb changes in patients with SZ or BD-I compared with HCs (false discovery rate [FDR]-corrected P < 0.05, corrected with 52 channels). Blue-coloured circles indicate significantly smaller task-related oxy-Hb changes in the SZ or BD-I groups compared with HCs at the channels indicated. Channels that showed no significant correlations are highlighted in grey.

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  Figure 3. Shared or differential functional abnormalities in patients with SZ or BD-I compared with HCs. (A) Brain areas in green indicate regions with reduced hemodynamic responses, compared with HCs, overlapped in both patients with SZ and BD-I: bilateral inferior frontal, middle frontal and superior frontal (including orbitofrontal region) gyri. (B) Dot plots of task-related oxy-Hb changes in the right inferior frontal gyrus (channel 46) in the SZ, BD-I and HC groups. (C) Differential time course of task-related oxy-Hb signals in the SZ, BD-I and HC groups in the right inferior frontal gyrus (channel 46). In the HC group, the time course of changes in the task-related oxy-Hb signal showed a gradual increase; the SZ and BD-I groups did not exhibit this response. (D) Brain areas in blue indicate regions where reduced hemodynamic responses, compared with SZ and HC subjects, were observed in BD-I: right inferior frontal and superior temporal gyri. (E) Dot plots of task-related oxy-Hb changes in the superior temporal gyrus (channel 44) in the SZ, BD-I and HC groups. (F) Differential time course of task-related oxy-Hb signal in the SZ, BD-I and HC groups in the right superior temporal gyrus…

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  Figure 4. Shared or differential functional abnormalities associated with SSRT in patients with SZ or BD-I. (A) Brain areas in red indicate regions where task-related oxy-Hb changes negatively correlated with SSRT in the SZ group, and brain areas in blue indicate regions where task-related oxy-Hb changes negatively correlated with SSRT in the BD-I group. (B) Scatter plots showing the relationship between SSRT and task-related oxy-Hb changes in channels 45 and 46 (right inferior frontal gyrus) and 48 (right superior frontal gyrus).

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  Figure 5. The locations of NIRS channels were probabilistically estimated and anatomically labelled in the standard brain space, in accordance with Tsuzuki et al.54.

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  Figure 6. Task segments in the NIRS measurements and depiction of a trial in the stop-signal paradigm. (A) Overall task period. During the pre-task period, subjects were instructed to alternatively tap with their right and left index fingers every 1 s as accurately as they could. (B) During the stop-signal task, subjects were instructed to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to the go stimulus (‘●’, ‘■’) in no-stop-signal trials. In stop-signal trials, participants were instructed to try to withhold their response as required until the auditory stop signal occurred.