Although the dairy cow plays an integral role in the ecology of sound food production, its welfare, as well as economic efficiencies and soundness of food production under modern industrial-scale systems of management, are questioned. Major areas of welfare concern are identified and reforms and ethical guidelines suggested.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Michael W. Fox (1983) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: