Exploratory Analysis of Serum Oxidized Albumin as a Potential Prognostic Indicator for Diabetic Microvascular Complications: A Retrospective Cohort Pilot Study

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flow diagram of the study participants A total of 77 individuals with diabetes participated in this study.

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  Figure 2. Baseline HNA% and five-year mean HbA1c in relation to retinopathy Comparisons of (a) baseline HNA% (HNA%_0y) and (b) five-year mean HbA1c between non-deteriorated and deteriorated groups among 36 participants (47%) with baseline NDR. Comparison of (c) baseline HNA% (HNA%_0y) and (d) five-year mean HbA1c between the improved group and the non-improved group among 15 participants with baseline SDR. Graphs show medians and IQRs, while data are expressed as mean (SD). p-values derived from Student’s t-test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. * indicates p < 0.05. “(+)” and “(-)” in the figure denote the presence or absence of deterioration/improvement. HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HNA, human non-mercaptalbumin; NDR, no diabetic retinopathy; SDR, simple diabetic retinopathy

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  Figure 3. Baseline HNA% in relation to the five-year prognosis of renal function ROC analyses of baseline HNA% for CKD stage progression in (a) all 77 participants and (c) the 43 participants (56%) with CKD stage G2 at baseline. The optimal cutoff value was determined to be 23.22% in both analyses. The participants were stratified (b) into High HNA% (n = 49; 64%) and Low HNA% (n = 28; 36%) groups in the entire cohort and (d) into G2-High HNA% (n = 21; 27%) and G2-Low HNA% (n = 22; 29%) groups among 43 participants (56%) with CKD stage G2 at baseline, based on the cutoff threshold. Survival analyses for CKD stage progression were performed in (b) High vs. Low HNA% groups, and in (d) G2-High vs. G2-Low HNA% groups. p-values derived from the log-rank test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. AUC, area under the curve; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HNA, human non-mercaptalbumin; ROC, receiver operating characteristic

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  Figure 4. HNA% and HbA1c in relation to five-year onset of macrovascular complications Comparisons of (a) baseline HNA% (HNA%_0y), (b) follow-up HNA% (HNA%_5y), (c) five-year mean HbA1c, and (d) follow-up HbA1c (HbA1c_5y) between participants who did and did not develop macrovascular complications during the five-year follow-up period, among those free of macrovascular complications at baseline. Graphs show medians and IQRs, while data are expressed as mean (SD). p-values derived from Student’s t-test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. ** indicates p < 0.01. HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HNA, human non-mercaptalbumin