Cardio-Oncology Rehabilitation—Present and Future Perspectives

Recent advances in cancer therapy have led to increased survival rates for cancer patients, but also allowed cardiovascular complications to become increasingly evident, with more than 40% of cancer deaths now being attributed to cardiovascular diseases. Cardiotoxicity is the most concerning cardiovascular complication, one caused mainly due to anti-cancer drugs. Among the harmful mechanisms of these drugs are DNA damage, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Cancer patients can suffer reduced cardiorespiratory fitness as a secondary effect of anti-cancer therapies, tumor burden, and deconditioning. In the general population, regular exercise can reduce the risk of cardiovascular morbidity, mortality, and cancer. Exercise-induced modifications of gene expression result in improvements of cardiovascular parameters and an increased general fitness, influencing telomere shortening, oxidative stress, vascular function, and DNA repair mechanisms. In cancer patients, exercise training is generally safe and well-tolerated; it is associated with a 10-15% improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness and can potentially counteract the adverse effects of anti-cancer therapy. It is well known that exercise programs can benefit patients with heart disease and cancer, but little research has been conducted with cardio-oncology patients. To date, there are a limited number of effective protective treatments for preventing or reversing cardiotoxicity caused by cancer therapy. Cardiac rehabilitation has the potential to mitigate cardiotoxicity based on the benefits already proven in populations suffering from either cancer or heart diseases. Additionally, the fact that cardiotoxic harm mechanisms coincide with similar mechanisms positively affected by cardiac rehabilitation makes cardiac rehabilitation an even more plausible option for cardio-oncology patients. Due to unstable functional capacity and fluctuating immunocompetence, these patients require specially tailored exercise programs designed collaboratively by cardiologists and oncologists. As the digital era is here, with the digital world and the medical world continuously intertwining, a remote, home-based cardio-oncology rehabilitation program may be a solution for this population.