Integrating learning theories and innovative pedagogies in STEM education: A comprehensive review

STEM education integrates science, technology, engineering, and mathematics to tackle complex real-world challenges. This paper examines five key learning theories—constructivism, social constructivism, experiential learning, cognitive load theory, and situated learning—and assesses their roles in improving STEM pedagogy. It reviews the impact of each theory on curriculum design, classroom engagement, and higher-order thinking. A special emphasis is placed on inquiry-based, problem-based, and collaborative learning, as well as flipped classrooms, highlighting how these methods implement theoretical principles through learner-centered, hands-on activities. Significant challenges include professional development, effective scaffolding, authentic assessment, and opportunities to foster 21st-century skills. By combining theoretical and practical perspectives, this paper emphasizes the significance of a theory-informed approach that promotes critical thinking, creativity, and collaboration, ultimately equipping students for an increasingly complex global landscape.