Malthusian Models and Chinese Realities: The Chinese Demographic System 1700–2000

This article summarizes major recent findings on Chinese demographic behavior and outlines their relevancy for the Malthusian model of comparative population dynamics and Chinese population in particular. Specifically, it considers four distinctive and persistent features of Chinese behavior during the last 300 years—high rates of female infanticide and abortion, high rates of bachelorhood, low marital fertility, and high rates of male and female adoption–and discusses the origins and implications of such a demographic regime for Chinese economic and social development. Contrasting Chinese demographic behavior with European demographic behavior, the article argues the existence of a demographic system and a demographic transition different from current Malthusian and neo‐Malthusian models, and the existence of a system regulating collective demographic behavior in ways distinctly different from Western experience.